1866 Treaty Cherokee
Articles of agreement and convention at the city of
Washington on the nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and sixty-six, between the United States, represented by Dennis N.
Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Elijah Sells, superintendent of
Indian affairs for the southern superintendence, and the Cherokee Nation of
Indians, represented by its delegates, James McDaniel, Smith Christie, White
Catcher, S. H. Benge, J. B. Jones, and Daniel H. Ross, John Ross, principal
chief of the Cherokees, being too unwell to join in these negotiations.
PREAMBLE
Whereas existing treaties between the United States and the Cherokee Nation are
deemed to be insufficient, the said contracting parties agree as follows, viz:
ARTICLE 1
The pretended treaty made with the so-called Confederate States by the Cherokee
Nation on the seventh day of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, and
repudiated by the national council of the Cherokee Nation on the eighteenth day
of February, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, is hereby declared to be void.
ARTICLE 2
Amnesty is hereby declared by the United States and the Cherokee Nation for all
crimes and misdemeanors committed by one Cherokee on the person or property of
another Cherokee, or of a citizen of the United States, prior to the fourth day
of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-six; and no right of action arising out of
wrongs committed in aid or in the suppression of the rebellion shall be
prosecuted or maintained in the courts of the United States or in the courts of
the Cherokee Nation.
But the Cherokee Nation stipulate and agree to deliver up to the United States,
or their duly authorized agent, any or all public property, particularly
ordnance, ordnance stores, arms of all kinds, and quartermaster's stores, in
their possession or control, which belonged to the United States or the
so-called Confederate States, without any reservation.
ARTICLE 3
The confiscation laws of the Cherokee Nation shall be repealed, and the same,
and all sales of farms, and improvements on real estate, made or pretended to be
made in pursuance thereof, are hereby agreed and declared to be null and void,
and the former owners of such property so sold, their heirs or assigns, shall
have the right peaceably to re-occupy their homes, and the purchaser under the
confiscation laws, or his heirs or assigns, shall be repaid by the treasurer of
the Cherokee Nation from the national funds, the money paid for said property
and the cost of permanent improvements on such real estate, made thereon since
the confiscation sale; the cost of such improvements to be fixed by a
commission, to be composed of one person designated by the Secretary of the
Interior and one by the principal chief of the nation, which two may appoint a
third in cases of disagreement, which cost so fixed shall be refunded to the
national treasurer by the returning Cherokees within three years from the
ratification hereof.
ARTICLE 4
All the Cherokees and freed persons who were formerly slaves to any Cherokee,
and all free negroes not having been such slaves, who resided in the Cherokee
Nation prior to June first, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, who may within two
years elect not to reside northeast of the Arkansas River and southeast of Grand
River, shall have the right to settle in and occupy the Canadian district
southwest of the Arkansas River, and also all that tract of country lying
northwest of Grand River, and bounded on the southeast by Grand River and west
by the Creek reservation to the northeast corner thereof; from thence west on
the north line of the Creek reservation to the ninety-sixth degree of west
longitude; and thence north on said line of longitude so far that a line due
east to Grand River will include a quantity of land equal to one hundred and
sixty acres for each person who may so elect to reside in the territory
above-described in this article: Provided, That that part of said district north
of the Arkansas River shall not be set apart until it shall be found that the
Canadian district is not sufficiently large to allow one hundred and sixty acres
to each person desiring to obtain settlement under the provisions of this
article.
ARTICLE 5
The inhabitants electing to reside in the district described in the preceding
article shall have the right to elect all their local officers and judges, and
the number of delegates to which by their numbers they may be entitled in any
general council to be established in the Indian Territory under the provisions
of this treaty, as stated in Article XII, and to control all their local
affairs, and to establish all necessary police regulations and rules for the
administration of justice in said district, not inconsistent with the
constitution of the Cherokee Nation or the laws of the United States; Provided,
The Cherokees residing in said district shall enjoy all the rights and
privileges of other Cherokees who may elect to settle in said district as
hereinbefore provided, and shall hold the same rights and privileges and be
subject to the same liabilities as those who elect to settle in said district
under the provisions of this treaty; Provided also, That if any such police
regulations or rules be adopted which, in the opinion of the President, bear
oppressively on any citizen of the nation, he may suspend the same. And all
rules or regulations in said district, or in any other district of the nation,
discriminating against the citizens of other districts, are prohibited, and
shall be void.
ARTICLE 6
The inhabitants of the said district hereinbefore described shall be entitled to
representation according to numbers in the national council, and all laws of the
Cherokee Nation shall be uniform throughout said nation. And should any such
law, either in its provisions or in the manner of its enforcement, in the
opinion of the President of the United States, operate unjustly or injuriously
in said district, he is hereby authorized and empowered to correct such evil,
and to adopt the means necessary to secure the impartial administration of
justice, as well as a fair and equitable application and expenditure of the
national funds as between the people of this and of every other district in said
nation.
ARTICLE 7
The United States court to be created in the Indian Territory; and until such
court is created therein, the United States district court, the nearest to the
Cherokee Nation, shall have exclusive original jurisdiction of all causes, civil
and criminal, wherein an inhabitant of the district hereinbefore described shall
be a party, and where an inhabitant outside of said district, in the Cherokee
Nation, shall be the other party, as plaintiff or defendant in a civil cause, or
shall be defendant or prosecutor in a criminal case, and all process issued in
said district by any officer of the Cherokee Nation, to be executed on an
inhabitant residing outside of said district, and all process issued by any
officer of the Cherokee Nation outside of said district, to be executed on an
inhabitant residing in said district, shall be to all intents and purposes null
and void, unless indorsed by the district judge for the district where such
process is to be served, and said person, so arrested, shall be held in custody
by the officer so arresting him, until he shall be delivered over to the United
States marshal, or consent to be tried by the Cherokee court: Provided, That any
or all the provisions of this treaty, which make any distinction in rights and
remedies between the citizens of any district and the citizens of the rest of
the nation, shall be abrogated whenever the President shall have ascertained, by
an election duly ordered by him, that a majority of the voters of such district
desire them to be abrogated, and he shall have declared such abrogation: And
provided further, That no law or regulation, to be hereafter enacted within said
Cherokee Nation or any district thereof, prescribing a penalty for its
violation, shall take effect or be enforced until after ninety days from the
date of its promulgation, either by publication in one or more newspapers of
general circulation in said Cherokee Nation, or by posting up copies thereof in
the Cherokee and English languages in each district where the same is to take
effect, at the usual place of holding district courts.
ARTICLE 8
No license to trade in goods, wares, or merchandise merchandise shall be granted
by the United States to trade in the Cherokee Nation, unless approved by the
Cherokee national council, except in the Canadian district, and such other
district north of Arkansas River and west of Grand River occupied by the
so-called southern Cherokees, as provided in Article 4 of this treaty.
ARTICLE 9
The Cherokee Nation having, voluntarily, in February, eighteen hundred and
sixty-three, by an act of the national council, forever abolished slavery,
hereby covenant and agree that never hereafter shall either slavery or
involuntary servitude exist in their nation otherwise than in the punishment of
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, in accordance with laws
applicable to all the members of said tribe alike. They further agree that all
freedmen who have been liberated by voluntary act of their former owners or by
law, as well as all free colored persons who were in the country at the
commencement of the rebellion, and are now residents therein, or who may return
within six months, and their descendants, shall have all the rights of native
Cherokees: Provided, That owners of slaves so emancipated in the Cherokee Nation
shall never receive any compensation or pay for the slaves so emancipated.
ARTICLE 10
Every Cherokee and freed person resident in the Cherokee Nation shall have the
right to sell any products of his farm, including his or her live stock, or any
merchandise or manufactured products, and to ship and drive the same to market
without restraint, paying any tax thereon which is now or may be levied by the
United States on the quantity sold outside of the Indian Territory.
ARTICLE 11
The Cherokee Nation hereby grant a right of way not exceeding two hundred feet
wide, except at stations, switches, water stations, or crossing of rivers, where
more may be indispensable to the full enjoyment of the franchise herein granted,
and then only two hundred additional feet shall be taken, and only for such
length as may be absolutely necessary, through all their lands, to any company
or corporation which shall be duly authorized by Congress to construct a
railroad from any point north to any point south, and from any point east to any
point west of, and which may pass through, the Cherokee Nation. Said company or
corporation, and their employees and laborers, while constructing and repairing
the same, and in operating said road or roads, including all necessary agents on
the line, at stations, switches, water tanks, and all others necessary to the
successful operation of a railroad, shall be protected in the discharge of their
duties, and at all times subject to the Indian intercourse laws, now or which
may hereafter be enacted and be in force in the Cherokee Nation.
ARTICLE 12
The Cherokees agree that a general council, consisting of delegates elected by
each nation or tribe lawfully residing within the Indian Territory, may be
annually convened in said Territory, which council shall be organized in such
manner and possess such powers as hereinafter prescribed.
1st After the ratification of this treaty, and as soon as may be deemed
practicable by the Secretary of the Interior, and prior to the first session of
said council, a census or enumeration of each tribe lawfully resident in said
Territory shall be taken under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs, who for that purpose is hereby authorized to designate and appoint
competent persons, whose compensation shall be fixed by the Secretary of the
Interior, and paid by the United States.
2nd The first general council shall consist of one member from each
tribe, and an additional member for each one thousand Indians, or each fraction
of a thousand greater than five hundred, being members of any tribe lawfully
resident in said Territory, and shall be selected by said tribes respectively,
who may assent to the establishment of said general council; and if none should
be thus formally selected by any nation or tribe so assenting, the said nation
or tribe shall be represented in said general council by the chief or chiefs and
headmen of said tribes, to be taken in the order of their rank as recognized in
tribal usage, in the same number and proportion as above indicated. After the
said census shall have been taken and completed, the superintendent of Indian
affairs shall publish and declare to each tribe assenting to the establishment
of such council the number of members of such council to which they shall be
entitled under the provisions of this article, and the persons entitled to
represent said tribes shall meet at such time and place as he shall approve; but
thereafter the time and place of the sessions of said council shall be
determined by its action: Provided, That no session in any one year shall exceed
the term of thirty days: And provided, That special sessions of said council may
be called by the Secretary of the Interior whenever in his judgment the interest
of said tribes shall require such special session.
3rd Said general council shall have power to legislate upon matters
pertaining to the intercourse and relations of the Indian tribes and nations and
colonies of freedmen resident in said Territory; the arrest and extradition of
criminals and offenders escaping from one tribe to another, or into any
community of freedmen; the administration of justice between members of
different tribes of said Territory and persons other than Indians and members of
said tribes or nations; and the common defence and safety of the nations of said
Territory. All laws enacted by such council shall take effect at such time as
may therein be provided, unless suspended by direction of the President of the
United States. No law shall be enacted inconsistent with the Constitution of the
United States, or laws of Congress, or existing treaty stipulations with the
United States. Nor shall said council legislate upon matters other than those
above indicated: Provided, however, That the legislative power of such general
council may be enlarged by the consent of the national council of each nation or
tribe assenting to its establishment, with the approval of the President of the
United States.
4th Said council shall be presided over by such person as may be
designated by the Secretary of the Interior.
5th The council shall elect a secretary, whose duty it shall be to keep
an accurate record of all the proceedings of said council, and who shall
transmit a true copy of all such proceedings, duly certified by the presiding
officer of such council, to the Secretary of the Interior, and to each tribe or
nation represented in said council, immediately after the sessions of said
council shall terminate. He shall be paid out of the Treasury of the United
States an annual salary of five hundred dollars. Sixth. The members of said
council shall be paid by the United States the sum of four dollars per diem
during the term actually in attendance on the sessions of said council, and at
the rate of four dollars for every twenty miles necessarily traveled by them in
going from and returning to their homes, respectively, from said council, to be
certified by the secretary and president of the said council.
ARTICLE 13
The Cherokees also agree that a court or courts may be established by the United
States in said Territory, with such jurisdiction and organized in such manner as
may be prescribed by law: Provided, That the judicial tribunals of the nation
shall be allowed to retain exclusive jurisdiction in all civil and criminal
cases arising within their country in which members of the nation, by nativity
or adoption, shall be the only parties, or where the cause of action shall arise
in the Cherokee Nation, except as otherwise provided in this treaty.
ARTICLE 14
The right to the use and occupancy of a quantity of land not exceeding one
hundred and sixty acres, to be selected according to legal subdivisions in one
body, and to include their improvements, and not including the improvements of
any member of the Cherokee Nation, is hereby granted to every society or
denomination which has erected, or which with the consent of the national
council may hereafter erect, buildings within the Cherokee country for
missionary or educational purposes. But no land thus granted, nor buildings
which have been or may be erected thereon, shall ever be sold or [o]therwise
disposed of except with the consent and approval of the Cherokee national
council and the Secretary of the Interior. And whenever any such lands or
buildings shall be sold or disposed of, the proceeds thereof shall be applied by
said society or societies for like purposes within said nation, subject to the
approval of the Secretary of the Interior.
ARTICLE 15
The United States may settle any civilized Indians, friendly with the Cherokees
and adjacent tribes, within the Cherokee country, on unoccupied lands east of
96°, on such terms as may be agreed upon by any such tribe and the Cherokees,
subject to the approval of the President of the United States, which shall be
consistent with the following provisions, viz: Should any such tribe or band of
Indians settling in said country abandon their tribal organization, there being
first paid into the Cherokee national fund a sum of money which shall sustain
the same proportion to the then existing national fund that the number of
Indians sustain to the whole number of Cherokees then residing in the Cherokee
country, they shall be incorporated into and ever after remain a part of the
Cherokee Nation, on equal terms in every respect with native citizens. And
should any such tribe, thus settling in said country, decide to preserve their
tribal organizations, and to maintain their tribal laws, customs, and usages,
not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the Cherokee Nation, they
shall have a district of country set off for their use by metes and bounds equal
to one hundred and sixty acres, if they should so decide, for each man, woman,
and child of said tribe, and shall pay for the same into the national fund such
price as may be agreed on by them and the Cherokee Nation, subject to the
approval of the President of the United States, and in cases of disagreement the
price to be fixed by the President. And the said tribe thus settled shall also
pay into the national fund a sum of money, to be agreed on by the respective
parties, not greater in proportion to the whole existing national fund and the
probable proceeds of the lands herein ceded or authorized to be ceded or sold
than their numbers bear to the whole number of Cherokees then residing in said
country, and thence afterwards they shall enjoy all the rights of native
Cherokees. But no Indians who have no tribal organizations, or who shall
determine to abandon their tribal organizations, shall be permitted to settle
east of the 96° of longitude without the consent of the Cherokee national
council, or of a delegation duly appointed by it, being first obtained. And no
Indians who have and determine to preserve the tribal organizations shall be
permitted to settle, as herein provided, east of the 96° of longitude without
such consent being first obtained, unless the President of the United States,
after a full hearing of the objections offered by said council or delegation to
such settlement, shall determine that the objections are insufficient, in which
case he may authorize the settlement of such tribe east of the 96° of longitude.
ARTICLE 16
The United States may settle friendly Indians in any part of the Cherokee
country west of 96°, to be taken in a compact form in quantity not exceeding one
hundred and sixty acres for each member of each of said tribes thus to be
settled; the boundaries of each of said districts to be distinctly marked, and
the land conveyed in fee-simple to each of said tribes to be held in common or
by their members in severalty as the United States may decide. Said lands thus
disposed of to be paid for to the Cherokee Nation at such price as may be agreed
on between the said parties in interest, subject to the approval of the
President; and if they should not agree, then the price to be fixed by the
President. The Cherokee Nation to retain the right of possession of and
jurisdiction over all of said country west of 96° of longitude until thus sold
and occupied, after which their jurisdiction and right of possession to
terminate forever as to each of said districts thus sold and occupied.
ARTICLE 17
The Cherokee Nation hereby cedes, in trust to the United States, the tract of
land in the State of Kansas which was sold to the Cherokees by the United
States, under the provisions of the second article of the treaty of 1835; and
also that strip of the land ceded to the nation by the fourth article of said
treaty which is included in the State of Kansas, and the Cherokees consent that
said lands may be included in the limits and jurisdiction of the said State. The
lands herein ceded shall be surveyed as the public lands of the United States
are surveyed, under the direction of the Commissioner of the General
Land-Office, and shall be appraised by two disinterested persons, one to be
designated by the Cherokee national council and one by the Secretary of the
Interior, and, in case of disagreement, by a third person, to be mutually
selected by the aforesaid appraisers. The appraisement to be not less than an
average of one dollar and a quarter per acre, exclusive of improvements. And the
Secretary of the Interior shall, from time to time, as such surveys and
appraisements are approved by him, after due advertisements for sealed bids,
sell such lands to the highest bidders for cash, in parcels not exceeding one
hundred and sixty acres, and at not less than the appraised value: Provided,
That whenever there are improvements of the value of fifty dollars made on the
lands not being mineral, and owned and personally occupied by any person for
agricultural purposes at the date of the signing hereof, such person so owning,
and in person residing on such improvements, shall, after due proof, made under
such regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe, be entitled to
buy, at the appraised value, the smallest quantity of land in legal subdivisions
which will include his improvements, not exceeding in the aggregate one hundred
and sixty acres; the expenses of survey and appraisement to be paid by the
Secretary out of the proceeds of sale of said land: Provided, That nothing in
this article shall prevent the Secretary of the Interior from selling the whole
of said lands not occupied by actual settlers at the date of the ratification of
this treaty, not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to each person entitled
to pre-emption under the pre-emption laws of the United States, in a body, to
any responsible party, for cash, for a sum not less than one dollar per acre.
ARTICLE 18
That any lands owned by the Cherokees in the State of Arkansas and in States
east of the Mississippi may be sold by the Cherokee Nation in such manner as
their national council may prescribe, all such sales being first approved by the
Secretary of the Interior.
ARTICLE 19
All Cherokees being heads of families residing at the date of the ratification
of this treaty on any of the lands herein ceded, or authorized to be sold, and
desiring to remove to the reserved country, shall be paid by the purchasers of
said lands the value of such improvements, to be ascertained and appraised by
the commissioners who appraise the lands, subject to the approval of the
Secretary of the Interior; and if he shall elect to remain on the land now
occupied by him, shall be entitled to receive a patent from the United States in
fee-simple for three hundred and twenty acres of land to include his
improvements, and thereupon he and his family shall cease to be members of the
nation. And the Secretary of the Interior shall also be authorized to pay the
reasonable costs and expenses of the delegates of the southern Cherokees. The
moneys to be paid under this article shall be paid out of the proceeds of the
sales of the national lands in Kansas.
ARTICLE 20
Whenever the Cherokee national council shall request it, the Secretary of the
Interior shall cause the country reserved for the Cherokees to be surveyed and
allotted among them, at the expense of the United States.
ARTICLE 21
It being difficult to learn the precise boundary line between the Cherokee
country and the States of Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas, it is agreed that the
United States shall, at its own expense, cause the same to be run as far west as
the Arkansas, and marked by permanent and conspicuous monuments, by two
commissioners, one of whom shall be designated by the Cherokee national council.
ARTICLE 22
The Cherokee national council, or any duly appointed delegation thereof, shall
have the privilege to appoint an agent to examine the accounts of the nation
with the Government of the United States at such time as they may see proper,
and to continue or discharge such agent, and to appoint another, as may be
thought best by such council or delegation; and such agent shall have free
access to all accounts and books in the executive departments relating to the
business of said Cherokee Nation, and an opportunity to examine the same in the
presence of the officer having such books and papers in charge.
ARTICLE 23
All funds now due the nation, or that may hereafter accrue from the sale of
their lands by the United States, as hereinbefore provided for, shall be
invested in the United States registered stocks at their current value, and the
interest on all said funds shall be paid semi-annually on the order of the
Cherokee Nation, and shall be applied to the following purposes, to wit:
Thirty-five per cent. shall be applied for the support of the common-schools of
the nation and educational purposes; fifteen per cent. for the orphan fund, and
fifty per cent. for general purposes, including reasonable salaries of district
officers; and the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the President
of the United States, may pay out of the funds due the nation, on the order of
the national council or a delegation duly authorized by it, such amount as he
may deem necessary to meet outstanding obligations of the Cherokee Nation,
caused by the suspension of the payment of their annuities, not to exceed the
sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
ARTICLE 24
As a slight testimony for the useful and arduous services of the Rev. Evan
Jones, for forty years a missionary in the Cherokee Nation, now a cripple, old
and poor, it is agreed that the sum of three thousand dollars be paid to him,
under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, out of any Cherokee fund
in or to come into his hands not otherwise appropriated.
ARTICLE 25
A large number of the Cherokees who served in the Army of the United States
having died, leaving no heirs entitled to receive bounties and arrears of pay on
account of such service, it is agreed that all bounties and arrears for service
in the regiments of Indian United States volunteers which shall remain unclaimed
by any person legally entitled to receive the same for two years from the
ratification of this treaty, shall be paid as the national council may direct,
to be applied to the foundation and support of an asylum for the education of
orphan children, which asylum shall be under the control of the national
council, or of such benevolent society as said council may designate, subject to
the approval of the Secretary of the Interior.
ARTICLE 26
The United States guarantee to the people of the Cherokee Nation the quiet and
peaceable possession of their country and protection against domestic feuds and
insurrections, and against hostilities of other tribes. They shall also be
protected against inter[r]uptions or intrusion from all unauthorized citizens of
the United States who may attempt to settle on their lands or reside in their
territory. In case of hostilities among the Indian tribes, the United States
agree that the party or parties commencing the same shall, so far as
practicable, make reparation for the damages done.
ARTICLE 27
The United States shall have the right to establish one or more military posts
or stations in the Cherokee Nation, as may be deemed necessary for the proper
protection of the citizens of the United States lawfully residing therein and
the Cherokee and other citizens of the Indian country. But no sutler or other
person connected therewith, either in or out of the military organization, shall
be permitted to introduce any spiritous, vinous, or malt liquors into the
Cherokee Nation, except the medical department proper, and by them only for
strictly medical purposes. And all persons not in the military service of the
United States, not citizens of the Cherokee Nation, are to be prohibited from
coming into the Cherokee Nation, or remaining in the same, except as herein
otherwise provided; and it is the duty of the United States Indian agent for the
Cherokees to have such persons, not lawfully residing or sojourning therein,
removed from the nation, as they now are, or hereafter may be, required by the
Indian intercourse laws of the United States.
ARTICLE 28
The United States hereby agree to pay for provisions and clothing furnished the
army under Appotholehala in the winter of 1861 and 1862, not to exceed the sum
of ten thousand dollars, the accounts to be ascertained and settled by the
Secretary of the Interior.
ARTICLE 29
The sum of ten thousand dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay
the expenses of the delegates and representatives of the Cherokees invited by
the Government to visit Washington for the purposes of making this treaty, shall
be paid by the United States on the ratification of this treaty.
ARTICLE 30
The United States agree to pay to the proper claimants all losses of property by
missionaries or missionary societies, resulting from their being ordered or
driven from the country by United States agents, and from their property being
taken and occupied or destroyed by by United States troops, not exceeding in the
aggregate twenty thousand dollars, to be ascertained by the Secretary of the
Interior.
ARTICLE 31
All provisions of treaties heretofore ratified and in force, and not
inconsistent with the provisions of this treaty, are hereby re-affirmed and
declared to be in full force; and nothin herein shall be construed as an
acknowledgment by the United States, or as a relinquishment by the Cherokee
Nation of any claims or demands under the guarantees of former treaties, except
as herein expressly provided.
In testimony whereof, the said commissioners on the part of the United States,
and the said delegation on the part of the Cherokee Nation, have hereunto set
their hands and seals at the city of Washington, this nineteenth day of July, A.
D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
D. N. Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
Elijah Sells, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
Smith Christie,
White Catcher,
James McDaniel,
S. H. Benge,
Danl. H. Ross,
J. B. Jones.
Delegates of the Cherokee Nation, appointed by Resolution of the National
Council.
In presence of—
W. H. Watson,
J. W. Wright.
Signatures witnessed by the following-named persons, the following
interlineations being made before signing: On page 1st the word “the”
interlined, on page 11 the word “the” struck out, and to said page 11 sheet
attached requiring publication of laws; and on page 34th the word “ceded” struck
out and the words “neutral lands” inserted. Page 47˝ added relating to expenses
of treaty.
Thomas Ewing, jr.
Wm. A. Phillips,
J. W. Wright.